Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever): Symptoms, Triggers, and Treatment

Allergic rhinitis is inflammation inside the nose caused by an immune reaction to airborne allergens. It can be seasonal, such as pollen allergy, or perennial when triggers such as dust mites, mold or animal allergens are present throughout the year.

Common symptoms

Sneezing
Runny or blocked nose
Nasal itching
Itchy, watery or red eyes
Postnasal drip or cough
Sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue when symptoms are persistent

Diagnosis

Many cases can be identified from the symptom pattern and exposure history. Allergy testing can help when the trigger is uncertain, symptoms are persistent, or immunotherapy is being considered. Testing should be selected according to the clinical history rather than ordered as an indiscriminate screening panel.

Reducing exposure

Useful steps depend on the confirmed trigger. Examples can include keeping windows closed during high pollen periods, washing bedding regularly for dust-mite control, and reducing exposure to a specific animal allergen when it clearly causes symptoms.

Medication

Intranasal corticosteroid sprays are among the most effective treatments for persistent nasal symptoms. Nasal antihistamines and oral second-generation antihistamines can also help, particularly itching and sneezing.

Decongestant nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion when used too long and should generally be limited to short-term use according to product and clinician guidance.

Allergen immunotherapy

Allergy shots and selected sublingual tablets can provide long-term improvement for some people with confirmed allergic rhinitis whose symptoms are not adequately controlled with avoidance and medication.

When to seek specialist advice

Consider evaluation by an allergist if symptoms remain poorly controlled, the trigger is unclear, asthma is also present, or you are considering immunotherapy.

Editorial sources

This article provides general education and does not replace individualized medical or allergy care.